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CHAPTER
12 REVIEW – ANSWER KEY
The
most important concepts are in bold print.
People:
1. Francis Asbury—English Methodist preacher sent by John Wesley to America in 1789 to train circuit-riding preachers.
2. Peter Cartwright—one of the best-remembered circuit riders of the 1800s; preached throughout Kentucky and Tennessee.
3. James McGready—Presbyterian preacher from North Carolina who brought revival to the frontier of Kentucky; pioneered the camp meeting revival.
4. Charles G. Finney—the best-known evangelist of the Second Great Awakening.
5. Richard Allen—former slave who served as a Methodist circuit rider and later became the pastor of Bethel Baptist Church in Philadelphia; founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church in 1787.
6. John Chavis—black Presbyterian minister who preached in Virginia and North Carolina, where he served as a pastor of a church and started a preparatory school.
7. Caesar McLemore—black circuit rider who traveled throughout the South as a missionary to plantation workers.
8. John Jasper—a slave who ministered to wounded Confederate soldiers during the Civil War and later became a great preacher.
9. Stephen Paxson—one of the American Sunday School Union’s greatest missionaries.
10. Edward Payson Hammond—played an important role in child evangelism; responsible for the long-lasting movement of child evangelism in both the United States and the British Isles.
11. Samuel J. Mills—did much to encourage American missions both at home and abroad; helped found America’s first missions board, the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions.
12. Adoniram Judson—one of the first missionaries to be dispatched by the American Board; pioneered the missionary effort in Burma; known as the Father of American Missions.
13. Lott Carey—an African-American minister from Virginia who was one of the first missionaries to Liberia; served as governor of Liberia; known as the Father of Western African Missions.
14. Cohn Teague—an African-American minister from Virginia who accompanied Lott Carey to Liberia.
15. Dr. Peter Parker and Samuel Wells Williams—two American Congregational missionaries to China who tried to open Japan to Western civilization and Christianity.
16. Matthew Perry—American commodore who led a fleet of American warships to Tokyo to seek a trade agreement with the Japanese emperor.
17. Jonathan Goble—enlisted as a U.S. Marine so that he could learn about Japan and later return there as a missionary.
18. Townshend Harris—first ambassador to Japan; negotiated the Treaty of Amity and Commerce, opening Japan to missionaries.
19. James Cook—captain in the British navy who discovered the Hawaiian Islands in 1778.
20. Kaahumanu—Hawaiian king who did much to encourage the acceptance of Christianity among the islanders.
21. Dorothea L. Dix—worked to promote more humane treatment of the mentally ill.
22. Phoebe Palmer—visited the poor areas of New York and distributed gospel tracts; founded the first settlement house in New York.
23. Sojourner Truth—a former slave from New York who lectured against slavery; her actual name was Isabella Baumfree.
24. Ralph Waldo Emerson—famous American essayist who served as a Unitarian minister for six years; left Unitarianism and developed his own religious philosophy, Transcendentalism.
25. Henry David Thoreau—one Transcendentalist who spent two years communing with nature in a small cabin on the shores of Walden Pond, near Concord, Massachusetts; recorded his experiences there in a book entitled Walden.
26. Walt Whitman—an ardent follower of Emerson who also tried to commune closely with nature and wrote a collection of poems entitled Leaves of Grass.
Terms:
1. Second Great Awakening—widespread revivals which swept the United States during the first half of the 19th century, peaking in the 1850s.
2. “Age of Methodism”—name for the early 19th century, a time of tremendous growth for the Methodist denomination.
3. circuit riders—evangelists who rode regular routes, or circuits, on horseback, preaching at various points along the way.
4. camp meeting revival—a religious service of several days’ length, held outdoors, where many of those in attendance camped on the spot because of the distance from home.
5. Methodist Book Concern—a publishing house that printed Bibles and various materials for distribution; founded in 1789.
6. American Bible Society—a publishing house that printed Bibles and various materials for distribution; founded in 1816.
7. American Tract Society—a publishing house that printed Bibles and various materials for distribution; founded in 1825.
8. colporteurs—missionary-salesmen sent out by American Tract Society; traveled the country preaching the gospel and selling or giving away tracts and books.
9. American Sunday School Union—one of the most successful evangelistic organizations founded in the early 19th century.
10. Andover, Princeton, Yale Divinity School—schools founded to train pastors, evangelists, and missionaries and provide a solid, Bible-based education for Christian laymen.
11. “Haystack Prayer Meeting”—several Andover students caught in a rainstorm took cover under a haystack where they began to pray about foreign missions.
12. American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions—America’s first foreign missions board; founded by Samuel J. Mills in 1810.
13. Treaty of Amity and Commerce-opened Japan up to Christian missionaries; also called the Townshend Harris Treaty.
14. American Temperance Union—opposed the use of liquor.
15. abolition—name for the antislavery movement; sought to abolish slavery.
16. settlement house—provided temporary relief—food, clothing, shelter, and medical care for the needy and trained them to work to provide for themselves.
17. Five Points Mission—the first settlement house; founded by Phoebe Palmer in New York.
18. YMCA—Young Men’s Christian Association; founded to evangelize and assist young men; established in London, England.
19. women’s suffrage—women’s right to vote.
20. Unitarianism—a false religion which denied the deity of Christ, the Trinity, and many other important Bible doctrines.
21. Transcendentalism—a religious philosophy developed by Ralph Waldo Emerson; taught that a person could “transcend,” or overcome, reason by trusting in himself and in his own abilities; encouraged people to “commune” with nature.
Places:
1. Cane Ridge, Kentucky—where the most notable camp meeting took place in 1802.
2. Liberia—African nation founded by the American Colonization Society as a home for freed slaves.
3. Japan—island nation off the coast of China that was opened to trade and missions in the 1850s.
4. Hawaii-chain of Pacific islands discovered by James Cook in 1778.
5. Walden Pond—place near Concord, Massachusetts, where Henry David Thoreau spent two years communing with nature.
Identify:
1. the church denomination that experienced dramatic growth in the early I 800s— Methodist
2. the first African-American church denomination—African Methodist Episcopal Church
3. America’s greatest contribution to the field of music—the Black spiritual
4. the “Father of American Missions” and the “Father of Western African Missions”— Adoniram Judson; Lott Carey
5. the year the first American missionaries went to Hawaii—1820
6. the first state to outlaw the use of liquor— Maine
7. three leaders in the women’s suffrage movement—Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony
8. Four utopian societies founded in the early 1800s—Brook Farm, New Harmony, Rappite Community, Oneida Community
9. three cults that sprang up in the 1800s— Mormonism, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Christian Science
10. the basic error of all cults—They teach salvation by works rather than salvation by grace through faith; also usually deny the divinity of Jesus
Ideas:
1. What brought about the spiritual decline in the cities and on the frontier by the end of the 18th century? Why was revival needed? Spiritual concern declined during the time of peace and prosperity that followed the War for Independence. The frontier demonstrated a lack of concern for morality, while in the East, the spiritual decline was evidenced by cold formalism and a questioning of Scriptural truths at colleges and universities.
2. How did Charles Finney view slavery and the abolition movement? What did he believe was the best way to stop slavery? Charles Finney strongly opposed slavery, but he did not support the radical abolitionist movement that advocated forcing the South to give it up. Finney did not believe there was a political solution to the problem of slavery, but rather, that spiritual revival was necessary to change the hearts of slaveholders.
3. Explain how the Second Great Awakening led to an increased evangelization of the American Indians and African Americans. As America continued to experience spiritual revival in the early 1800s, many Christians became concerned for those who had not yet heard or responded to the gospel, especially those here in America—namely, the American Indians and the African Americans. As a result, many missionaries were sent to these groups, and many responded to the gospel.
4. Describe the effects of Christianity on the once pagan land of Hawaii. The results of the missionaries’ work in Hawaii included the development of the Hawaiian alphabet and literacy, which led to the translation of a Hawaiian Bible. Hawaiian culture changed dramatically as multitudes turned from their pagan way of life and received Christ as Savior. As the people of Hawaii embraced the truths of God’s Word, they also grew ready for greater freedom and responsibility and established their first constitution. Within 50 years, Hawaii was sending out her own missionaries to the islands of Micronesia.
5. What type of social movements did Christian revival bring? How does Biblical Christianity always benefit society? Christian revival brought increased interest in the temperance movement, abolition of slavery, more humane treatment of others, the relief of the needy, and women’s rights. The spiritual revivals and their emphasis on Biblical truth and the changing of the heart stirred in many Americans a desire to help their fellow countrymen and encouraged them to work for improvements in society.
6. Compare and contrast Unitarianism and
Transcendentalism. How are both movements in error when compared to
the Bible? Unitarianism denied the deity of Christ and
rejected the doctrine of the Trinity as well as many other Biblical
doctrines. Unitarians also denied man’s sinful nature and taught
instead that man is essentially good. They taught people to follow
the teachings of Jesus and the dictates of human reason, which they
believed could solve all of man’s problems.
Transcendentalism
came out of Unitarianism after a disagreement between some Unitarians
over the meaning of the Lord’s Supper and other doctrines, as
well as a dislike for Unitarianism’s reliance on reason rather
than on human feeling and emotion. Transcendentalists taught that a
person could overcome reason by trusting in himself and in his own
abilities, and that the spirit of God and the spirit of man are
linked in unity of being. If man is divine, they reasoned, he can
rely on himself. They also taught people to commune with nature to
experience the knowledge of divinity.
Both Unitarianism and
Transcendentalism contradict the Bible and deny the important
doctrines of the Bible, such as the deity of Christ, the depravity of
man, and salvation by grace through faith alone.
7. Why is the basic idea of a perfect “utopian” society un-Biblical? Why are utopian societies doomed to failure? Utopian societies deny the Biblical precept that man has a sinful nature; rather, they accept the false notion that men are basically good and can live together in harmony. Utopian societies are doomed to failure because they are based on false principles which run contrary to man’s basic nature and the Word of God.