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COLD WAR:

• The Cold War is a conflict of two opposing ideologies: ____________ vs. ____________, ____________ vs. ____________; it is not so much, as the book says, capitalism vs. anything, since many freedom-loving people, for better or worse, voted for socialistic economic programs in their countries (Italy, France, etc.).

• (p. 586) The Cold War started in large part due to the wartime conferences. At ________, FDR (advised by Alger Hiss--!!) gave Stalin a large chunk of Poland, as well as Manchuria and Mongolia, betraying _______________'s Nationalist Chinese government. At _________, Truman and Atlee allowed the USSR into Germany and Eastern Europe; "puppet" governments were established, and (p. 594, 597) soon the countries of ____________, ____________, ____________, East ____________, ____________, ____________, and ____________ soon found themselves under Communist dictatorships – "satellite nations" of the USSR. Churchill called it the "________ ________ ," behind which was communist oppression.

• Greece and Turkey seemed to be next on Soviet Russia's hit list. When Britain withdrew her troops, Truman announced the _______ _________ in 1947 – that the US would act to prevent the overthrow of any democracy by an outside power. On the positive side, the ___________ ______ provided $20 billion to help rebuild war-torn ____________. So, while checking the advance of communism militarily, we were also providing the bucks to stabilize free Europe so communism would not gain a foothold there.

CHINA

• In the meantime, the civil war in China, which was interrupted by WWII, began afresh. The USSR supplied ____________'s forces, but ______________ lost America's favor. Without US help, the Nationalists were overrun, fleeing to ___________. We only recognized the Nationalist government-in-exile in Taiwan until 1979; the US now recognizes the People's Republic of China (communist) as the "real" government of China, but the U.S. sells Taiwan military weapons, and warns the People's Republic to stop drooling over Taiwan...

• By the way, China's premier today is _______________. Since we have "normalized"relations with Communist China and since granting them "most favored nation" trading status, we are running about a $120B trade deficit with them. That means they sell us $120,000,000,000 more than we sell them...

KOREA

• The first flare-up into real war was Korea. At the end of WWII, the _______ was in the northern half of Korea; the ____ was in the south. Since uniting the two halves was NOT going to happen, a line was drawn at the ^{________________}. Since we publicly announced that we would not try to eliminate communism but only stop it from spreading (a policy known as ____________), as soon as we removed our troops from South Korea, the North invaded it. So began the Korean Conflict. _________________ (remember "I shall return?") was in command of our forces and led brilliantly; however, when he pressed to bomb Chinese bases and force the Chinese communists out of Korea, Truman summarily replaced him--!!! MANY Americans were shocked and dismayed, but this was to be a limited war of containment. MacArthur's response? "_______________________________ _________________." History was to repeat itself 20 years later in ___________.

• The __________________ was the first Cold War showdown. The _________ had control of East Berlin, while the ____, ____________, and ____________ controlled West Berlin. Since Berlin itself was located in _______________ (controlled by the USSR), Russia tried to blockade West Berlin. In response, America started airlifting supplies into the city (a plane landing every 45 seconds!); rather than start a war, the USSR lifted the blockade, and the West won the showdown.

COMMUNISTS AT OUR DOORSTEP:

_______________ became dictator of _______ in 1959. Many hailed his coming to power, but he soon proved to be an ally of Kruschev. Seeking to unseat him, Kennedy covertly sponsored the disastrous _________________ invasion, when Cuban exiles attempted to invade their homeland and stage a coup. In response, ____________ started to build ____________ and bomber bases in Cuba, launching the showdown known as the ________________________. Kennedy quarantined the island and threatened nuclear war if any missile was launched. The USSR backed down a removed the missiles and bombers.

COMMUNISTS AT HOME:

• Convicted for pro-Communist activities: ______________ for perjury—he gave secret documents to the Soviets (USSR) and lied about it under oath. _________ and ______ ____________ for "leaking" US secrets about the atom bomb, This helped the Soviet Union (a.k.a. The USSR) develop "the bomb," thus starting the "____________," a race between the US and the USSR (and their allies) to see which could have the most military power—meaning atomic power, military might, and even superiority in space.)

• On the other side is Sen. Joseph ____________. He headed a Senate subcommittee and used his position to level charges that many in the government were ____________, as were _________, _________, ____________, and others. He could not prove his charges, and his methods and manners were obnoxious, although people still argue about whether he was right or if this was some sort of publicity stunt. He was ____________ by the Senate for his abuse of certain senators and for insulting remarks about the Senate itself.

COMMUNISTS IN SPACE?

On October 4, ____, the USSR (now under ____________) announced it had launched _________ into orbit, thus starting the "space race." The US responded by creating NASA – the ____________ _________________________. First American in space was Alan ________, the first to orbit the earth was _____________, who later became a US senator. Kennedy expressed his seemingly audacious desire to put a man on the moon by the end of the decade---!!! Upon his assassination on ________________, his dream became national policy; Neil ____________ landed on the moon in July ______.

COLD WAR ALLIANCES:
Free:

• NATO (____________________________________) composed of ___, ____________, and 10 __________________ Nations.

• SEATO: (____________): US & some Far Eastern nations.

Communist:

• Warsaw Pact: _______ & its satellites.

DOMESTIC ISSUES:

Civil Rights:

• ________ vs. ________________________: LANDMARK RULING!!!!!!! In May, 1954, The US Supreme Court struck down the doctrine of "separate but equal" which was established in 1896 in Plessey vs. Ferguson (remember?). The Court provided for forced desegregation (desegregation is to stop having separate facilities for Blacks and Whites.)

• In ______________, Arkansas, the governor ordered out the National Guard to bar nine Blacks from entering Central High School. Eisenhower responded by a show of force amounting to 1,000 federal paratroopers! Needless to say, the school was integrated...

• Tired from work, ______________ refused to yield her seat to a white man on a ____________, Alabama, city bus. She was arrested. ______________________, organized a boycott of the city bus system, causing it to lose money. King's home was bombed, though he was not hurt. He soon founded the SCLC (____________________________________), pledged to ____________ resistance to attain civil rights. (King admired Ghandi.)

The Freedom Riders toured the South on racially-mixed busses:

Kennedy proved less committed to the movement than he had appeared during the campaign. To test the president's commitment to civil rights, CORE proposed a new Journey of Reconciliation, dubbed the "Freedom Ride." The strategy was the same: an interracial group would board buses destined for the South. The whites would sit in the back and the blacks in the front. At rest stops, the whites would go into blacks-only areas and vice versa. "This was not civil disobedience, really," explained CORE director James Farmer, "because we [were] merely doing what the Supreme Court said we had a right to do." But the Freedom Riders expected to meet resistance. "We felt we could count on the racists of the South to create a crisis so that the federal government would be compelled to enforce the law," said Farmer. "When we began the ride I think all of us were prepared for as much violence as could be thrown at us. We were prepared for the possibility of death." [Cozzens, Lisa. "Brown v. Board of Education." African American History. http://fledge.watson.org/~lisa/blackhistory/civilrights-55-65/freeride.html (25 May 1998).]

March on Washington: To persuade Congress to adopt the proposed 1963 ____________ Bill, 200,000 Blacks and Whites gathered in Washington, D.C. This event is a milestone in the Civil Rights movement; here, Martin Luther King, Jr., gave his near-immortal "I Have a Dream" speech. Congress adopted the bill.

Religion in the public schools:

• Engel v. Vitale (1962): public schools forbidden to require prayer.

________________________ v. ____________ (or simply Abington): banned even voluntary prayer and Bible reading.